I-1. Iipilisi zokuCimbiza zizixhobo zokuxhasa amandla kwizithuthi ezitsha zamandla, kwaye kukho umahluko kuphuhliso ekhaya nakumazwe aphesheya
1.1. Imfumba etshaja sisixhobo esongeziweyo sezithuthi zamandla amatsha
Imfumba etshaja sisixhobo sezithuthi zamandla amatsha ukongeza amandla ombane. Kukuzithuthi zamandla amatsha ukuba isikhululo segesi kwizithuthi zepetroli. Ubume kunye nemeko yokusetyenziswa kweefayile zokubhiyoza ziguquguquka ngakumbi kunezikhululo zegesi, kwaye iintlobo zinotyesi. Ngokwefom yokufakelwa, inokwahlulwa ibe yi-piles eqhutywa yi-charmeds, i-thessing sharting rings, i-chales eshukumayo, elungele iindlela ezahlukeneyo zeziza;
Ngokutsho kokuhlelwa kweemeko zokusebenzisa, kunokwahlulwa kuba ziipleyiti zengcinezelo zoluntu, iipilisi ze-sharms ezichasayo, njl njl. Iindawo zokupaka, azivuleki eluntwini;
Ngokutsho kokuhlelwa kwesantya sokutshaja (amandla eshaya), inokwahlulwa kuba yi-piles yokutshaja ngokukhawuleza kunye neefayile ezihamba kancinci; Ngokutsho kokuhlelwa kwetekhnoloji yokutshaja, inokwahlulwa ibe yi-DC Charting Pleiles kunye neefayile ze-AC. Ngokubanzi, iimpukanisi ze-DC zinamandla aphezulu okutshaja kwaye ikhawuleze isantya, ngelixa i-ac sharmang piles ixabisa kancinci.
EUnited States, iipilisi zokubhujisa zihlala zahlulwe zangaphambi kwamanqanaba ngokwamandla, phakathi kwenqanaba 1 kunyeInqanaba 2zihlala zineefayile ze-AC, ezilungele zonke izithuthi zamandla amatsha, ngelixa i-chartery ekhawulezayo ayilungelanga zonke izinto ezitsha zamandla, kwaye iintlobo ngeentlobo ze-chademo, i-chademo, njl.
Okwangoku, akukho mgangatho wokuThenga ngokuchasene nomhlaba. Imigangatho ephambili yokunxibelelanisa i-GB / T chaomedi yaseJapan, i-Chiomedi yaseYurophu IEC 62196, i-United States 'Sae J1772, kunye neEC 62196.
1.2. Ukukhula kwezithuthi zamandla ezintsha kunye nenkqubo yomgaqo-nkqubo uqhutywa kuphuhliso oluzinzileyo lweefayile ze-piles kwilizwe lam
Imveliso yamandla amatsha eLizwe ikhula ngokukhawuleza. Izithuthi zelizwe zam zelizwe ziyaqhubeka nokuphuhliswa, ngakumbi ukusukela ngo-2020, izinga lokungena kwezithuthi zamandla amatsha ziye zanda ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ngo-2022 umyinge wezithuthi zamandla ezintsha zigqithile kwi-25%. Inani lezithuthi zamandla ezintsha ziya kuqhubeka nokwanda. Ngokwamanani olungiselelo loKhuseleko loLuntu, umda wezithuthi zamandla amatsha kwinani elipheleleyo lezithuthi ngo-2022 uya kufikelela kwi-4.1%.
Urhulumente ukhuphe iqela lemigaqo-nkqubo yokuxhasa ukuphuculwa kwemveliso yempukane yokutshaja. Intengiso kunye nobunini bezithuthi ezitsha zamandla kwilizwe lam ziyaqhubeka zikhula, kwaye ngokulandelelana, imfuno yamaziko okubiza iyaqhubeka ukwanda. Kule meko, i-State kunye namasebe endawo efanelekileyo ikhuphe inani lemigaqo-nkqubo yokukhuthaza ukuphuculwa komzi-mveliso we-pile, kubandakanya nenkxaso yomgaqo-nkqubo kunye nezikhokelo, iinjongo zemali kunye neenjongo zokwakha, kunye neenjongo zokwakha.
Ngokukhula okuqhubekayo kwezithuthi zamandla ezintsha kunye nokukhuthaza umgaqo-nkqubo, inani leencwadana zokushaja kwilizwe lam ziyaqhubeka nokukhula. Ukusukela nge-20 ka-Epreli 2023, inani leefayile zokuhlawula kwilizwe lam yi-6.092 yezigidi. Phakathi kwazo, inani leepileji zikawonke-jiva kawonke-wonke zinyuke ngo-52% ngonyaka ukuya kunyaka-mali ukuya kwi-2.025 yezigidi, zeziphi iipilisi ze-DC zokushaja i-42% kwayeI-ac sharting pilesibalwe i-58%. Kuba iipilisi ze-shar ebizayo zihlala zihlanganisene nezithuthi, ukukhula kobunini kubaluleke ngakumbi. Ukukhawuleza, ngonyaka-nyaka wokunyuka kwe-104% ukuya kwi-4.067 yezigidi.
Umyinge we-pile ukuya kwi-Pile kwiLizwe lam ngu-2,5: 1, umlinganiselo womlinganiso we-pile kawonke-wonke kwi-7.3: 1. Umyinge we-pile ukuya kwi-Pile, oko kukuthi, umyinge wezithuthi zamandla ezintsha ekutshabhiseni iipiles. Ukusuka kwimbono yempahla, ngasekupheleni kuka-2022, umyinge wezithuthi zokufaka i-piles ziya kuba yi-2,5: 1, kwaye iindawo zokuhlawula izithuthi ezitsha zihlala ziphuculwe. Phakathi kwazo, umyinge wezithuthi zikawonke-wonke zokupeyinta ngu-7.3: 1, olwanda ngokuthe ngcembe ukusukela kwi-2020. Isizathu kukuba intengiso yezithuthi zigqithile kwinkqubela phambili yolwakhiwo lwasesidlangalaleni; Umyinge wezithuthi zabucala kwi-piles yi-3.8: 1, ibonisa ukwehla ngokuthe ngcembe. Imo ethile ibangelwa zizinto ezinje ngemigaqo-nkqubo esebenzayo yemigaqo-nkqubo kazwelonke yokukhuthaza ukwakhiwa kweepiles ze-sharms kwiindawo zokuhlala.
Ngokwaphuka kwe-piles ye-sharting kawonke-wonke, inani leefayile ze-DC zikawonke-wonke: Inani leefayile ze-AC ze-AC 4: 6, ke umyinge weefayile ze-DC zikawonke-wonke zimalunga no-17,6: 1.
Umyinge ongezelelweyo wezithuthi ezisebenzayo usebenzisa indlela yokuphumelela ngokuthe chu xa iyonke. Ukusuka kwimbono ekhulisa ngayo, kuba iifayile ezintsha zedrafti zenyanga, ngakumbi i-piles entsha yoluntu, azihambelani ngokusondeleyo nentengiso yezithuthi zamandla amatsha, zikhokelela ekuguqukeni kumlinganiso we-pile entsha yenyanga. Ke ngoko, ngekota i-caliber isetyenziselwa ukubala umyinge we-pile ukuya kwi-Pile eyandisiweyo, oko kukuthi, umqulu wokuthengisa izithuthi zamandla amatsha: Inani leefayile ezisandula ukubiza. Kwi-2023Q1, umyinge osandula ukongezwa kwi-Pile yi-2,5: 1, ebonisa indlela ehamba kancinci. Phakathi kwazo, umyinge we-pile kawonke-mngeni we-pile ngo-9.8: 1, kunye nomyinge osandul 'ukuthi we-pile will pile ngo-3.4: 1, okwabonisa uphuculo olubonakalayo. imeko.
1.3. Ukwakhiwa kwamaziko okutshakazi akafezekanga, kwaye amandla okukhula ayaziwa
1.3.1. I-Europe: Ukuphuhliswa kwamandla amatsha kwahlukile, kodwa kukho izithuba ezikwi-chars
Izithuthi ezitsha zamandla eYurophu ziyakhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye zibe nenqanaba lokuqalisa. I-Europe yenye yemimandla encamathisela eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kukhuseleko lwendalo kwihlabathi. Ukuqhutywa yimigaqo-nkqubo nemigaqo, ishishini lezithuthi zaseYurophu lamandla amatsha akhula ngokukhawuleza kunye nenqanaba lokungena kwamandla amatsha liphezulu. Ifikelele kwi-21.2%.
Umyinge we-pile nge-europe uph ukuphakama, kwaye kukho umsantsa omkhulu kwiindawo zokubhija. Ngokweenkcukacha-manani ze-IEA, umyinge weefayile zeZithuthi zikaRhulumente ziya kuba malunga ne-14.4: 1 ngonyaka we-2022, apho iipleyili zoluntu ezitshatileyo ziya kunika ingxelo nge-13% kuphela. Nangona imakethi yamandla e-Europe Emun ikhula ngokukhawuleza, ukwakhiwa kwamaziko okutshaya ngoko, kwaye kukho iingxaki ezifana nesantya esincinci esikhasayo.
Ukuphuhliswa kwamandla amatsha kungalingani phakathi kwamazwe aseYurophu, kwaye umyinge weenqwelo-mafutha kawonke-wonke kwimfumba ukwahlukile. Ngokwahlulahlulo, i-Norway kunye neSweden inenqanaba eliphezulu lokungena kwamandla, ukufikelela kwi-73.5% kunye ne-49.1% ngokwahlukeneyo kwi-2022, kwaye i-32.8: 1 kunye ne-1.
IJamani, i-United Kingdom, kwaye iFrance yeyona mimandla inkulu yemoto eYurophu, kwaye izinga lokungena lamandla amatsha liphezulu. Ngo-2022, amaxabiso amatsha okungena eJamani, i-United Kingdom, kwaye iFrance iya kufikelela kwi-28.2%, kunye ne-17.3%, kunye ne-11.3: 1, kunye ne-118: 1, ngokulandelelana.
Ngokwemigaqo-nkqubo, i-European Union kunye namazwe amaninzi aseYurophu awazivele kwimigaqo-nkqubo yokukhuthaza okanye inkxaso-mali yenkxaso-mali enxulumene nolwakhiwo lwamaziko okubiza.
1.3.2. I-United States: Iindawo zokubhija kufuneka ziphuhliswe ngokungxamisekileyo, kwaye urhulumente namashishini asebenza kunye
Njengenye yezona mpawu zeyona ntlanganiso iphakamileyo emhlabeni, iUnited States yenze inkqubela kancinci kwicandelo lamandla amatsha kune-China naseYurophu. Ngo-2022, intengiso yezithuthi zamandla amatsha aya kudlula kwi-1 yezigidi, kunye nenqanaba lokungena malunga ne-7.0%.
Kwangelo xesha, ukuphuculwa kwemarike yengxondorha kawonke-wonke eUnited States kuyacotha, kwaye amaziko eshasa kawonke-phinde kawonkewonke awaphelelanga. Ngo-2022, umyinge wezithuthi zikawonke-wonke zokufaka iipisi eUnited States ziya kuba ngu-23.1: 1, apho iiplanga zokushabhisa kukarhulumente ziya kuphendula i-21.9%.
I-United States kunye namanye amazwe baye baphakamisa imigaqo-nkqubo yokuvuselela amaziko, kubandakanya iprojekthi ngurhulumente we-US Grainess i-US $ 7.5 yezigidigidi. Iyonke ifumaneka kumazwe aphantsi kwenkqubo ye-NEVI yi- $ 615 yezigidi kwi-FY 2025 yezigidi kwi-My State 2025, ubuncinci i-55% yazo zonke iindleko zecandelo kufuneka zivela eUnited States.
Ukongeza kwinkuthazo yomgaqo-nkqubo, iinkampani ze-Pile kunye neenkampani zemoto zikwakhuthaza ngenyameko ukuvulwa kwamaziko e-shala, kubandakanya ukuvulwa kwe-TSLA yenxalenye yenxalenye yenethiwekhi yenethiwekhi, i-BREST, i-BP kunye nezinye iinkampani zemoto zisebenzisana.
Uninzi lweenkampani ze-pile ezibiza umhlaba jikelele kwihlabathi liphela zityalela kakhulu eUnited States ukuseka ikomkhulu elitsha, amaziko okanye imigca yemveliso ukuvelisa iipilisi zokuhlawula i-United States eUnited States.
2. Ngophuhliso olukhawulezileyo lweshishini, i-charbas charban charban sharmas iguquguquka ngakumbi
2.1. Umqobo ekwenzeni ubuxoki kwimodyuli yokutshaja, kunye nesithintelo kwi-pherives phesheya kuxhomekeke kwisiqinisekiso esiqhelekileyo
2.1.1. Imfumba ye-AC inezithintelo eziphantsi, kwaye eyona nto iphambili kwi-DC ye-DC yimodyuli yokutshaja
Izithintelo zemveliso yeemputha ze-Ac Charting ziphantsi, kwaye imodyuli yokutshaja ngaphakathiI-DC sharing pileslicandelo le-core. Ngokwembono yomgaqo-nkqubo ongumgaqo ongumgaqo-nkqubo, ukuguqulwa komsebenzi, ukuguqulwa kwezithuthi zamandla amatsha afunyanwa yi-Carn Charger Challeger, ke imeko yemfumba yeac ilula kwaye indleko iphantsi. Kwi-DC yokushaja, inkqubo yokuguqula ukusuka kwi-AC ukuya kwi-DC kufuneka igqitywe ngaphakathi kwimfumba eshaja, ngoko ke kufuneka ifezekiswe yimodyuli yokutshaja. Imodyuli yokutshaja ichaphazela uzinzo lwesekethe, ukusebenza nokhuseleko lwemfumba yonke. Yinxalenye engundoqo yemfumba yokubhija imfumba kunye nelinye lamacandelo kunye nezithintelo ezomileyo zobugcisa. Abathengisi beemodyuli zemodyuli bandakanya i-huawei, amandla e-infym, iSinexcel, njl.
2.1.2. Ukudlulisa isiqinisekiso esisemgangathweni phesheya yimeko eyimfuneko yeshishini laphesheya
Izithintelo zoqinisekiso zikhoyo kwiimarike zaphesheya. I-China, iYurophu, kunye ne-United States zikhuphe imigangatho efanelekileyo yokuqinisekiswa kweefayile zokuhlawula, kunye nesatifikethi siyimfuneko ekungeneni kwintengiso. Imigangatho yokuqinisekiswa kuka-China ibandakanya i-CQC, njl njl. Imigangatho yokuqinisekiswa eUnited States iquka i-IL, i-FCC, inkwenkwezi ye-NTh. Njl. Kubo bonke ubunzima bemigangatho yokuqinisekiswa yi-United States> Europe> China.
2.2. Ikhaya: Ukugxininiswa okuphezulu kokusebenza, ukhuphiswano olubi kwikhonkco lonke lepile, kunye nokukhula okuqhubekayo kwendawo
Ukugxininiswa kwe-pile yokuhlawula i-pile ye-pile ye-pile iphezulu, kwaye baninzi abakhuphisana nabo kwikhonkco elipheleleyo lokuhlawula, kunye nendawo leyo isasazeke. Ukusuka kwimbono yokutshaja abaqhubi beepile, umnxeba kunye ne-Xingxing Akhawunti ye-40% yentengiso yeTrile kaRhulumente, kwaye i-80.7%, intengiso ye-DC ye-DC ye-DC CR5 = 65.8%. Ukujonga yonke imakethi ukusuka phezulu ukuya phezulu, abaqhubi abahlukeneyo benze iimodeli ezahlukeneyo, ezinje nge-chain yendlela yokutshaja zibonelela ngesisombululo sesikhululo se-ASPOJE sibonelela ngemozulu yeSikhululo se-ASP. Baninzi abavelisi bazo zonke iipilana e-china. Ngaphandle kweemodeli zokudibanisa ezithe nkqo ezifana nomnxeba kunye nokutshaja kwenkwenkwezi, yonke indawo yemfumba isasazeke.
Inani leemfumba zenkxwaleko zikawonke-wonke kwilizwe lam kulindeleke ukuba zifikelele kwi-7.6 yezigidi nge-2030. Kwangelo xesha, inani leencwadana zotshaba ezikhawulezayo zikawonke-wonke kwiifayile zikawonke-wonke ziya kwanda ngokuthe ngcembe. Kuqikelelwa ukuba ngo-2030, 47.4% yeepile ze-sharting kawonke-jihlakali ziya kuba yi-piles yokutshaja ngokukhawuleza, ukuphucula amava omsebenzisi.
2.3. IYurophu: Ukwakhiwa kwe-charting piles kukhawulezisa, kwaye inani leemputha ze-sharing ngokukhawuleza ziyanda
Ukuthatha i-UK njengomzekelo, ukugxila kwemakethi yokutshaja abaqhubi beepile kuphantsi kuneyona ye-China. Njengomnye wamazwe amakhulu amandla aseYurophu, inani leepileji zikawonke-jiva kawonkewonke e-UK ziya kunika i-9.9% ye-202% ngonyaka we-2022. Ukusuka kwimarike ye-bile ye-Britane, indawo yemarike iphela iphantsi kunelo yentengiso yaseTshayina. Kwintengiso yengxondorha yoluntu, i-ubume, iPod Point, i-BP Pulse, njl. Unesabelo esiphezulu sentengiso, cr5 = 45.3%. I-piles eshaja kawonke-jiza kunye ne-Ultra-ekhawulezayo ekhawulezayo phakathi kwabo, i-Instavolt, i-BP Pulse, i-Tessala Super (kunye ne-Tesla-Active) inikwe ngaphezulu kwe-10%, kwaye i-cr5 = 52.7%. Kuzo zonke iindawo zokwenza imfumba, abadlali abaziintengiso ezinkulu baquka i-ABB, i-Nokia, iSCHANIER kunye nezinye ii-girlives kwicandelo lombane, kunye neenkampani zamandla eziqonda ubume be-pile yokufumana ipeyinti yokufumana. Umzekelo, i-BP ifunyenwe yenye yezona nkampani zininzi zemoto e-UK ngo-2018. 1. I-CallMaster kunye neShell ifunyenwe ubungqingqwa kunye ne-sholl yayo zombini izithuthi zeoyile).
Ngowama-2030, inani leencwadana zokutshayela zikawonke-wonke eYurophu kulindeleke ukuba zifikelele kwizigidi ezili-2,38, kunye nenani leempukanisi zokubiza ngokukhawuleza ziya kuqhubeka zisanda. Ngokutsho koqikelelo, ngonyaka wama-2025 nowama-2030, inani leencwadana zokutshayela zikawonke-wonke eYurophu ziya kufikelela ezi-2,2 ezigidi kunye ne-2.35E-20202e-202e-20e-20e-20% kunye ne-14.7% ngokwahlukeneyo. Uya kulawula, kodwa umlinganiso weempukani zikarhulumente ezikhawulezayo ziyanda. Kuqikelelwa ukuba ngo-2030, i-20.2% yeencwadana zokushaja zikawonke-jiza ziya kuba yi-piles yokutshaja ngokukhawuleza.
2.4. I-United States: Indawo yentengiso iguquguquka ngakumbi, kwaye ii-brands zasekhaya ngoku zilawula
Ukugxininiswa kwentengiso yeNethiwekhi eUnited States kunqabile kunolo hlobo e-China naseYurophu, nakwiimpawu zasekhaya zilawula. Ukusuka kwimbono yenani leendawo zokuhlawula i-shara, i-ntlawulo ye-premeging ithatha indawo eyi-54.9%, ilandelwa yi-TESLA nge-2,9% (kubandakanya iNqanaba 2 kunye ne-DC ngokukhawuleza, eneenkampani zaseMelika. Ukusuka kwimbono yenani lokutshaja i-essert, i-nqument isekuphakamile kunezinye iinkampani, inika ingxelo nge-39.3%, ilandelwe ngeNqanaba 2 kunye ne-DC ngokukhawuleza), ilandelwe ziinkampani ezininzi zaseMelika.
Ngo-2030, inani leencwadana zokutshaya zikawonke-wonke eUnited States kulindeleke ukuba zifikelele ezizigidi ezili-1,38, kunye nenani leempukanisi zokutshaja ngokukhawuleza ziya kuqhubeka ziphucuka. Ngokutsho koqikelelo, ngonyaka wama-2025 nowama-2030, inani leencwadana zokutshaya zikawonke-wonke eUnited States ziya kufikelela kwi-550,000 kwaye i-1.38 yezigidi ngokwahlukeneyo, kunye ne-202.6e-20E-%, ngokwahlukeneyo. Ifana nemeko yaseYurophu, iipile ezicothayo zokuhlawula zisahlala zininzi, kodwa umda weempukane zokutshaja ngokukhawuleza uya kuqhubeka uphucula. Kuqikelelwa ukuba ngeminyaka engama-2030, i-27,5% yeencwadana zokutshaya zikawonke-wonke ziya kuba ziipriles ezikhawulezayo.
2.5. Indawo yentengiso yeNtengiso
Ngokusekwe kuhlalutyo olungentla lomzi-mveliso we-pile kawonke-chiza e-China, iYurophu, kunye ne-United States, kucingelwa ukuba inani leempukane zolawulo lwasesidlangalaleni ziya kufumaneka ngokuthoba inani lezinto ezibanjiweyo. Ngokwexabiso leyunithi lemveliso, iipilisi ze-charas ezihamba kancinci zixabiso kwi-2 000-4 wie / iseti, kwaye amaxabiso asemzini ziidola ezingama-300-6,12,1- 400 yuan / seti / iseti ye-Yuan / set). Ixabiso le-piles ye-120kw ekhawulezayo yi-50 000-70,000 Yuan / iseti, ngelixa i-piles ye-50 yeedola eshayo, kunye nexabiso le-sharings elikhawulezayo malunga ne-50 000-60 yeedola / iseti. Kuqikelelwa ukuba nge-2025, indawo epheleleyo yentengiso yeemputha zikawonke-wonke zaseTshayina eTshayina, iYurophu, kunye ne-United States ziya kufikelela kwi-78.06 yezigidigidi yuan.
3. Uhlalutyo lweenkampani eziphambili
Iinkampani zaphesheya kwiShishini leProjekthi ibandakanya i-ntlawulo, i-Evob, i-Brose, iqokobhe, i-Abb, i-SEnexcel,I-Chinaevse, Tgood, ukulunga, njl njl. Umzekelo, ezinye iimveliso zaseChinaevse zifumene i-UL, i-CSA, isiqinisekiso se-ENTAR KWI-United States kunye ne-EK,, i-IKCA, e-European Union. I-Chinaeevse ifake uluhlu lwe-BP yokutshaja abathengisi beepile kunye nabavelisi.
IXESHA LOKUQALA: UJUL-10-2023333